Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

• English language

• Peer-reviewed papers with available full text, including conceptual or theoretical papers and papers that synthesized existing literature

• Explicitly identify as using systems approaches or methods, or describe an application of systems approaches to PA

• Application of systems approaches to PA as a discrete component of the intervention or analysis

• Conference abstracts, dissertations, grey literature, book chapters

• Application of systems approaches:

- for sport injury, athletes or professional sport

- to reduce road injury

- to model pedestrian movements in crowded contexts

- for physiological studies

- for social justice purposes (e.g. sport for development and peace)

- for transport (unless they addressed active transportation, i.e. public transport, walking and cycling)